Summer Is Making U.S. Kids Dumber and Fatter

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kidsBy Peter Orszag

It’s July, and for many of us, that brings back fond childhood memories of family vacations, summer camp or long, happy days spent playing with friends. But this quaint notion of summers as a kids’ paradise is dangerously misleading, evidence from social research suggests.

After spending the summer away from the classroom, children return to school one month or more, on average, behind where they were when the previous year ended. Kids also tend to put on weight in the summer two to three times faster than they do during the school year.

To put it unkindly, the average child becomes dumber and fatter during the vacation. And although there’s no need to declare war on summer, there’s plenty we could do to combat the seasonal learning loss and weight gain.

Consider, first, the evidence for the summer fade effect. Taken together, a variety of studies indicate that students’ academic skills atrophy during the summer months by an amount equivalent to what they learn in a third of a school year, according to a review by Harris Cooper, a professor of education at Duke University, and several co-authors.

This deterioration, furthermore, varies substantially by income and race, and its impact persists even past childhood. Barbara Heyns, a sociologist at New York University who studied Atlanta schoolchildren in the late 1970s, found that although academic gains during the school year were not substantially correlated with income, summer decline was.

Subsequent studies have replicated the finding. Karl Alexander, Doris Entwisle and Linda Olson of Johns Hopkins University, for example, found that the summer fade can largely explain why the gap in skills between children on either side of the socioeconomic divide widens as students progress through elementary school. Children from all backgrounds learn at similar rates during the school year, but each summer students of high socioeconomic status continue to learn while those of low socioeconomic status fall behind.

The impact is felt even years later. The learning differences that begin in grade school “substantially account” for differences by socioeconomic status in high-school graduation rates and in four-year college attendance, Alexander and his co-authors report.

The summer increase in children’s body-mass index has also been measured. In one study, Paul T. von Hippel, a sociologist then at Ohio State University, and his co-authors found that the average monthly gain in BMI for students moving from kindergarten to first grade was two to three times as fast during the summer as during either of the adjoining academic years. And the children most prone to obesity were most likely to put on additional weight during the summer.

So what can we do to fight summer learning loss and weight gain and restore the season’s halcyon reputation?

Let’s start with the most ambitious option: lengthening the school year. I have written previouslyabout the benefit of extending the hours of the school day. A similar argument applies to extending the academic year: More time at task helps children learn, and it would be worth the extra expense involved.

(I can already hear the groans from some teachers — even if the prospect of a longer school year would mean higher salaries. Having grown up in an academic family, I appreciate the benefits of the summer break, but in fairness few other professions get three months off.)

The second option is an idea proposed several years ago by Alan Krueger, now the chairman of President Barack Obama’s Council of Economic Advisers, and Molly Fifer, then a graduate student in economics at Princeton University: Offer students in kindergarten through fifth grade who qualify for free meals through the National School Lunch Program the opportunity to participate in a six-week summer enrichment program that would be focused on small-group instruction. Krueger and Fifer estimated that such a program would cost less than $2,000 per student. If the federal government paid half, the cost to U.S. taxpayers would be about $2 billion a year, and the benefits would be worth much more.

Some educators are not waiting for the federal government to act — which appears to be wise, given the inertia in a polarized Washington. For example, the National Summer Learning Association, with private funding, recently began a three-year “Smarter Summers” initiative in 10 cities, aimed at providing high-quality summer instruction for 20,000 students.

The third and least ambitious option is to provide voluntary summer reading programs for students of low socioeconomic status. A randomized experiment conducted by James Kim ofHarvard University and Thomas White of the University of Virginia showed that students developed better reading skills when they were provided with books during the summer and encouragement from teachers before the break began.

A voluntary summer reading program need not be expensive. Yet it’s not enough to merely give children books; encouragement from teachers and parents is also crucial. And for some students, even that may not be sufficient; in another study, Kim and Jonathan Guryan, then at the University of Chicago, found that a reading program for low-income, Spanish-speaking Latino children provided no measurable benefit in reading comprehension or vocabulary.

July should be a time of activity — for children and for lawmakers. When Congress finally gets around to considering the reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, it should include an aggressive program to reverse summer learning loss. Don’t bet on Congress fulfilling that assignment this year, but we should hold them to it before school is out for the summer of 2013.

Peter Orszag is vice chairman of global banking at Citigroup Inc. and a former director of the Office of Management and Budget in the Obama administration. The opinions expressed are his own.

{Bloomberg News}

{Matzav.com Newscenter}


4 COMMENTS

  1. Some good ideas – summer enrichment tied in with summer nutrition, and reading clubs in libraries. I belonged to a summer reading club when I was in elementary school. It’s really fun, especially if the children’s librarian at your library is imaginative.

    Summer nutrition is a good idea too. Those of us who are lucky enough not to have to worry about this don’t realize the large numbers of kids in our country who literally don’t get enough to eat without school supplements. (If we don’t take care of our children – everybody’s children – here, maybe He can forget to take care of us as well as we would like?)

    Feed kids’ bodies and feed their minds – and we can grow Greatest Generations without wars.

  2. This is a poorly designed study of zero significance.

    1)Yes students skills atrophy over the summer but they are regained quickly once school starts. (This study did not retest the students two weeks and four weeks after school started.)
    2)This study has no control group ie students who continued studying through the summer with which to compare, perhaps those students would suffer burnout and quickly lose the proposed gains?
    3)This study analyzes academic gains but not social and real life skills gained over summer break.
    4)This study focuses on socioeconomic gains, but neglects to analyze the sense of subjective wellbeing (happiness) gained over the summer break. (Who cares if the children grow up to be rich if they are miserable people!)
    5)Adults and all mammals also put on weight over the summer. (Think bears.) Storing fat for the lean winter months, essentially a healthy thing,except that we tend to be obese.

  3. ok so take away summer vacation, guess what students will be stressed out that the smarts will not increase and if they do it will be marginall

  4. Critical
    Failure. Where I lived in the US, it was
    “white” to read, and “parent” is a momma who is illiterate herself with poor if any positive parenting skills. America is doomed not by economic calamity, but by the high birth rate of barbarians.

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