P’sak from Rav Yisroel Belsky and Rav Shlomo Miller On Acappella Music During The Three Weeks

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rav-yisroel-belsky-rav-shlomo-millerQ: A cappella albums – singing without instrumental accompaniment – are becoming more and more common, especially during The Three Weeks and Sefirah when we are noheig not to listen to music. Is it halachically permissible to listen to a cappella music during these times of the year?

Harav Yisroel Belsky shlit”a: Lately, it has become a trend to take every possible pleasure that one can think of and figure out ways to make them permissible at all times. Whether it is the imitation of non-kosher foods, making all chometzdike delicacies kosher l’Pesach, or other similar things, we find this attitude now more than ever. People cannot live for one minute with compromising on pleasures that they are used to or wish to experience. Often, the heteirim to permit such activities are, at best, based on very weak reasoning.

One such example is the desire to listen to music during Sefirah and The Three Weeks. It has become a trend to produce “Sefirah tapes,” referred to musically as “a cappella“. The wide acceptance of such tapes has not been with rabbinic approval. Indeed, many of the gedolei rabbonim have ruled that one should not listen to this type of music during Sefirah and The Three Weeks. Unfortunately, because the music albums are being sold in the stores, people think that they must be glatt kosher. If they aren’t acceptable, people say, why would a Jewish store sell them?

A Cappella

There are basically three types of a cappella.

One is where the musical sounds originate from human voices but the natural properties are digitally modified with computer software to attain quality of sounds that are not humanly possible, thus making it sound more like regular music. Such a cappella is halachically not viewed as being any different from regular music.

There are other forms of a cappella which sound very similar to regular music, although no digital modification is done to the voices. These types of a cappella should also not be listened to during Sefirah and The Three Weeks, as will be explained shortly.

The third type of a cappella is where regular songs are sung by an individual or choir. There is nothing halachically objectionable about listening to such a cappella during Sefirah and The Three Weeks.

To properly understand this topic, it would be helpful to briefly relate some technical information provided by experts in the music industry as to how a cappella music is created.

 Digitally Modified A Cappella

Every sound is made up of many different sound waves, each at there own frequency. The individual frequencies and the velocity of each sound wave give each sound its unique tonal properties.

There is a process called equalization whereby one can alter the natural balance of frequencies. Equalization is used on almost every recorded sound we hear. It is most commonly employed to shape a sound, bringing out its own properties better. However, equalization can also be used to create a special effect. For example, a click with one’s mouth, or a chhhh sound, can be equalized to sound like a drum. If the tonal balance is changed beyond the capabilities of what a human can do, then the music can no longer be considered human sounds, but rather computer-made sounds, and would be prohibited during Sefirah and The Three Weeks.

A second modification made is to the pitch of the notes. A bass guitar can play notes almost twice as low (two octaves lower) as a human voice can go. Therefore, in order to simulate the bass notes, some album producers lower the pitch of the notes beyond the capabilities of the human voice. This process of transposing the notes down an octave or more would also change the status of these notes from vocals to computer-generated sounds, and would be prohibited during Sefirah and The Three Weeks.

One can also record a person sounding individual notes (e.g. an individual drum hit, a trumpet sound, etc.) and transpose it in one’s computer to every possible note and play back these notes using an external controller, such as a keyboard. One can now play this “voice” as an instrument on a keyboard and technically stimulate a “one man band”, although the sound of each key on the keyboard originated from human voices. This process, which is called “sampling”, would definitely change the status of the notes, and make them prohibited during Sefirah and The Three Weeks.

A third modification made is to the timing of the notes. The rhythmic structure of all music can be charted on a grid. The most common breakdown would be charted in eights. That means that each rhythmic hit would take place at exactly one interval of eights. It is not humanly possible for a musician to play 100% on the grid. This slight imperfection is what gives live music its human feel, as opposed to machine music which sounds much more rigid. It is even harder for a person to create a rhythm with his mouth, and keep it perfectly on grid. Many albums take the rhythmic parts and digitally place them exactly where they belong on the grid. This process is called quantization. Though this does not change the sound of the voice, when used in combination with any of the above processes it would give the sounds more of a status of music.

Unmodified A Cappella

There is a common misconception that music is ossur during Sefirah. Nowhere in Hilchos Sefirah or the halachos of The Three Weeks does it mention that there is a minhag not to listen to music. All that is mentioned by the earlier poskim is that there is a minhag to abstain from rikkudim u’mecholos, dancing.

If so, where does the entire issue of not listening to live or recorded music during Sefirah and The Three Weeks come from?

It appears that although there was no specific minhag not to listen to music, there was a minhag to abstain from things that bring about an excessive amount of enjoyment. Furthermore, technically, due to the churban Beis Hamikdosh, music should be forbidden all year round. However, there are certain kulos which we rely upon. It is during Sefirah and The Three Weeks that we have accepted upon ourselves not to rely on these kulos and practice aveilus in this regard. Music has this power more than most things that people do for enjoyment. Music can take someone out of this world, so to speak, and make him forget, at least temporarily, all his worries and problems. Thus, whether the music is live or recorded, it produces this effect, which is contrary to the minhag. A cappella that sounds very similar to music is also included in this minhag and should not be listened to.

            Some rabbonim feel that once it sounds like music and is being played from an electronic device, that, too, renders it a musical device which is forbidden.

Some others take it a step further and maintain that any music that stimulates the desire to dance – even mere vocals – are forbidden. Be that as it may, if the sound of the a cappella is identical to ‘regular’ music, it should definitely be avoided.

Choirs

A cappella music that was not modified at all, and sounds like a group of people singing, would be permissible.

It is interesting to note that the word a cappella literally means, a – in the style of, capella – a chapel. In a chapel, they have only a choir singing with no musical instruments (other than a pipe organ which blends together very well with the voices). The harmony of the choir is meant to produce the musical affect. This is where the concept of a cappella stems from.

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Harav Shlomo Miller, Rosh Kollel of Kollel Avreichim of Toronto and head of the Bais Horaah of Lakewood, has also stated his opinion that listening to a capella music during Sefirah is forbidden. Click here to see one letter from Rav Miller, and click here to see a second one, which was also signed by Harav Yaakov Forchheimer, posek in Beth Medrash Govoha in Lakewood, NJ.

{Dovid Bernstein-Matzav.com Newscenter}


13 COMMENTS

  1. As Rav Belsky mentioned, there is no specific Issur of listening to music during Sefira and the Three Weeks. As such, the fact that we refrain from listening to instrumental music during those periods is due to Stam Minhag. Rav Belsky explained that since music gives us joy it is inappropriate for times of Aveilus, when we should be cognizant of the sad historical events. That being said, I disagree with Rav Belsky and others who have attempted to define when the Minhag applies and when it doesn’t apply. The technical details that Rav Belsky cites are really irrelevant. In our day and age, Klal Yisroel listns to music during the year; that is established Minhag. Klal Yisroel accepted the Minhag not to listen to live instrumental music, and perhaps even recorded instrumental music during Sefira and the Three Weeks. However, Klal did not accept the Minhag to prohibit a cappella music during these periods. Therefore it is permitted. This Heter includes “equalized” recorded a cappella as well, since the Klal did not make the technical distinction as the Minhag developed. I agree with Rav Belsky that it is appropriate to maintain the “spirit” of the period, but I don’t agree that any Rav has the power to be Machmir to the extent that he is changing an established Minhag. Most of the music Klal Yisroel listens to contains words from Tehilim or emoting emuna, it is enough to observe the restrictions during Sefira and the Three Weeks that were enacted by Chazal and the Kehilos. Adding Chumros can be counter-productive.

  2. It’s one of the 3 cardinal sins (aveirus). The other ones are, Mezonos rolls & Opening a soda bottle on Shabbos R”L.

  3. The Bochorum in Yerushalaim now have a problem.
    They are not allowed to go to demonstrations in the three weeks; they enjoy it too much.
    Thank you.

  4. I asked my Rov if Acapella is permissable during the 3 weeks. he answered me very wisely. Lets say RL someone is sitting shiva, would they want Acapella music in the background? Or during spare time when noone is visiting, would that person spend his time listening to that, or would he be focused on the fact that he’s sitting shiva and that mourning should be upheld in all regards without any compromises. Just a thought as to why people should refrain from this during the 3 weeks and be more focused on the 3 weeks and feel what we have lost and not try to ignore it.

  5. In the sefer Shearim Metzuyon B’Halacha he seems to allow any pre-recorded music. He says that otherwise we wouldn’t be allowed to listen to music the whole year.

  6. to the person that “doesnt agree with r’belsky”
    who are you that “you also have an opinion” du bist eichet a mench du chost eichet a chavas davas”

  7. to kik in shpigel agav rav moshe feinstein zt”l holds opening a soda bottle can sometimes be chiyuv skila its seems that you carry in eiruv and hate all frum things out of jealousy and most probably ur a big bum and megushim

  8. sg, good for you. Whether I agree with your halachic assessment is irrelevant. At least daas torah hasn’t turned off your brain. Your opinion here is as legitimate as any Rav’s opinion. Don’t let the critical comments get to you.
    The fine scientific distinctions made in the article as to which frequencies or modified tones are permitted is almost comical. I would laugh if it weren’t the three weeks.

  9. To the Editors:

    It is high time not to print “ccomments” on an article by an accepted rov.

    Here is an example of why.

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