Q and A Rabbi Daniel Dombroff
Moderated by Rabbi Yitzchok Hisiger
WATCH:
Case: A certain business employs an essential worker, such as a manager or secretary, without whom the business cannot function properly. This worker is needed especially at busy times during the year when business is especially high.
Question: Is there any halachic problem with this employee deciding to leave or take a vacation whenever he chooses, even if it is during a busy season? Does it matter if he is leaving to take a new job or simply taking some time off?
Answer: The (Gemara Bava metzia 10a) says that a po’el (loosely translated as a time-based worker who is paid hourly or weekly) has the right to leave his job at any point. The reason is that the Torah states “ki li Bnei Yisrael avadim,” “the Jewish people are servants to Me” (Vayikra 25:55), and not avadim to other avadim, i.e., employees. Thus, the Gemara is saying that an employee always retains the right to desert his job whenever he chooses, since he is never considered a full-fledged servant to another human being.
Nevertheless, there is an opinion that this halacha does not apply to someone who is simply changing jobs, since he will ultimately still be an “eved” to a different boss in that case. According to this opinion, such an employee would not be allowed to leave his first job against the will of his employer.
Another point that would need to be taken into account is if a contract had been signed or not. The case above was assuming that there was a contract. Even with a contract they may still be able to leave the job based on the aforementioned concept about not being an “eved” to anyone besides Hashem.
Without a contract generally one can leave “at will”, however there is another consideration which will apply with a contract, and possibly to some degree even without which is the concept of davar ha’aved, a financial loss. If an essential worker leaving or taking vacation will cause a davar ha’aved to the company, then the halacha does not give the employee the right to leave whenever he chooses.
In this context, an essential worker would be defined as someone who knows the company extremely well to the point that they are nearly running it and replacing such a person would be a very challenging task. This would be different than a worker that can be replaced more quickly and easily, for which the concept of davar ha’aved would not apply.
The Rema holds that if a person works for free or without a contract, he would be allowed to leave or take off even in a situation of davar ha’aved. Nevertheless, the Nesivos limits this allowance to doing it for free. (In other words, the person could retract his offer of doing the job pro Bono, and insist that he is only willing to do it for pay) . But to leave the owner without any other option would still not be allowed according to the Nesivos.
What recourse does an employer have when an employee chooses to leave or take a vacation at an inopportune time for the business? The Mishna says that the employer may use the money intended for this employee to hire another employee at a greater cost if necessary. Alternatively, the Mishna states that one may act deceptively with the employee by offering him a higher salary and then only paying him the original amount promised. Although this appears to constitute genevas da’as, deceiving another, which is generally assur, since in this case the employee is obligated to remain, it is permitted to employ deceptive tactics to cause him to fulfill his responsibility.
We will conclude with an application of the previous suggestion of deception mentioned by the Rema (C.M. 81). The Rema states that if a father-in-law notices that his son- in-law does not teach his son (the father-in-law’s grandson) Torah, the father-in-law may offer his son-in-law payment for learning with his son, but later retract and inform his son-in-law that he was not serious about the payment (meshateh ani bach), since the father was obligated to teach his son Torah in any event.
Certainly one must analyze any such shaila on a case by case basis to determine the practical halacha, but these are the basic principles used to analyze and arrive at a halachic psak.
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Major point left out.
The manager who decides to take vacation during the peak season violate the basic “דאורייתא” of .ואהבת לרעך כמוך
“Nevertheless, there is an opinion that this halacha does not apply to someone who is simply changing jobs, since he will ultimately still be an “eved” to a different boss in that case.”
This makes no sense to me. He won’t be an eved to the second boss, because he will have the right to quit that job too. And maybe the second job provides something the first one doesn’t, e.g., better working conditions, fewer hours, higher pay.
“If an essential worker leaving or taking vacation will cause a davar ha’aved to the company, then the halacha does not give the employee the right to leave whenever he chooses.”
I don’t understand how the concept of davar ha’avad, which has it source in the permission to perform certain work during chol hamo’ed, applies in a monetary context. If the employee is forced to continue working at a job that he no longer wants, he also has a davar ha’aved.