When It Might Be Best Not to Know About Cancer

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cancer-tumorAfter decades in which cancer screening was promoted as an unmitigated good, as the best – perhaps only – way for people to protect themselves from the ravages of a frightening disease, a pronounced shift is under way.

Now expert groups are proposing less screening for prostate, breast and cervical cancer and have emphasized that screening comes with harms as well as benefits.

Two years ago, the influential United States Preventive Services Task Force, which evaluates evidence and publishes screening guidelines, said that women in their 40s do not appear to benefit from mammograms and that women ages 50 to 74 should consider having them every two years instead of every year.

This year the group said the widely used P.S.A. screening test for prostate cancer does not save lives and causes enormous harm. It also concluded that most women should have Pap tests for cervical cancer every three years instead of every year.

What changed?

The answer, for the most part, is that more information became available. New clinical trials were completed, as were analyses of other sorts of medical data. Researchers studied the risks and costs of screening more rigorously than ever before.

Two recent clinical trials of prostate cancer screening cast doubt on whether many lives – or any – are saved. And it said that screening often leads to what can be disabling treatments for men whose cancer otherwise would never have harmed them.

A new analysis of mammography concluded that while mammograms find cancer in 138,000 women each year, as many as 120,000 to 134,000 of those women either have cancers that are already lethal or have cancers that grow so slowly they do not need to be treated.

Cancer experts say they cannot ignore a snowballing body of evidence over the past 10 years showing over and over that while early detection through widespread screening can help in some cases, those cases are small in number for most cancers. At the same time, the studies are more clearly defining screening’s harms.

“Screening is always a double-edged sword,” said Dr. Otis Brawley, the chief medical officer of the American Cancer Society. “We need to be more cautious in our advocacy of these screening tests.”

But these concepts are difficult for many to swallow. Specialists like urologists, radiologists and oncologists, who see patients who are sick and dying from cancer, often resist the idea of doing less screening. General practitioners, who may agree with the new guidelines, worry about getting involved in long conversations with patients trying to explain why they might reconsider having a mammogram every year or a P.S.A. test at all.

Some doctors fear lawsuits if they do not screen and a patient develops a fatal cancer. Patients often say they will take their chances with screening’s harms if a test can save their lives.

And comments like Dr. Brawley’s give rise to other questions as well. Is all this happening now because of worries over costs? And in any case, is all this simply an academic argument, since most doctors, faced with real patients, still suggest frequent screening and their patients agree?

The answer, cancer experts say, is, to a certain extent, all of the above. But, they say, there does seem to be a change in the air. Researchers used to be afraid to even broach the subject of screening’s harms.

“It was the third rail,” said Dr. H. Gilbert Welch of Dartmouth Medical School. “We were afraid to say exactly what we thought for fear of seeming too crazy.” It was easy to get financing to study the benefits of screening, he added, but a study that looked at harms was “too far out of the culture.”

Not now, he said.

And with that change has come a new look at screening.

“No longer is it just, Can you find the cancer?” Dr. Brawley said. “Now it is, Can you find the cancer, and does finding the cancer lead to a decrease in the mortality rate?”

Then there is the new emphasis on cost.

The current issue of The New England Journal of Medicine, for example, has an article by two prostate cancer specialists who note that one recent study concludes that $5.2 million must be spent on screening to prevent one prostate cancer death. And, add the authors, Dr. Allan S. Brett of the University of South Carolina School of Medicine and Richard J. Ablin of the University of Arizona, that figure is not inclusive. The true cost is undoubtedly even greater.

“We believe that the current P.S.A.-based screening paradigm does not compare favorably with competing health care priorities,” they wrote.

The cost of screening, said Dr. Russell P. Harris, a screening researcher at the University of North Carolina, “is one of the factors that is pushing toward a tipping point.”

But, medical experts note, many people, including doctors, are confused by the changing message, which is understandable.

“You don’t turn decades of thought around immediately,” said Dr. Timothy J. Wilt, a task force member from the University of Minnesota.

In part, doctors and patients are stuck in a sort of cancer time warp. The disease was defined in 1845 by a German doctor, Rudolf Virchow, who looked at tumors taken at autopsy and said cancer is an uncontrolled growth that spreads and kills. But, of course, he was looking only at cancers that killed. He never saw the others.

“Now we are backing away from that,” Dr. Brawley said. In recent years, researchers have found that many, if not most, cancers are indolent. They grow very slowly or stop growing altogether. Some even regress and do not need to be treated – they are harmless.

“We are going from an 1845 definition of cancer to a 21st-century definition of cancer,” Dr. Brawley said.

Dr. Brawley, too, noticed that more people are starting to understand the limitations of screening, and its risks.

Change, though, has been slow in the face of intense promotion of screening by medical practices, hospitals and advocacy groups and years of misunderstandings about screening’s benefits and risks.

“You’ve got all this positive stuff” about screening, Dr. Brawley said. “And you have been taught since you were on your mother’s knee that the way to deal with cancer is to find it early and to cut it out.”

Yet he is optimistic.

“I think people are actually starting to understand that we need to be a little more rigorous in what we accept about screening,” Dr. Brawley said. “I do sense there is some movement there.”

{New York Times/Matzav.com Newscenter}


7 COMMENTS

  1. notice the vague discussion of harms without providing any details. sure sounds like they need to find harms to justify the true motive which is cost cutting

  2. @1… I guess that depends what is done with the results, doesn’t it? If something ends up being removed unnecessarily that procedure might be considered harmful, especially if it leads to complications.

  3. I had cancer a few years ago which was contained, boruch Hashem, and ‘easily’ removed. My original doctor said to do ct scans over the course of the first couple of years.
    I then switched doctors due to insurance and my new doctor was worried about my history and thought I should do a ct scan every year thereafter. I told her my original doctor said it wasn’t necessary and I was worried about the effects of long term radiation, which is a double-edged sword, chas v’sholom.
    She actually agreed with me and since then I come in for yearly blood work, which she feels is just as efficient. Blood work can detect quite a bit. Also, I know what symptoms to look out for, at least in the area I had it in.
    It’s good to be open with your doctor if you are worried about their methods.
    At the time I discovered my cancer it was in very early stages while I had a close family friend who died shortly afterward who discovered cancer in a very late stage. The doctors had ignored his pleas and blamed his symptoms on a car accident, and by the time they actually listened to him, it was spread all over his body.
    I realized that Hashem is in charge and yes we have to do our hishtadlus but with all the medical technology, if something is meant to be, we can’t escape our fate.
    As we see in this article, early detection doesn’t solve all the problems.
    May we all be safe and be zoche to good health ad me’ah v’esrim

  4. It is worthy to note, that while some frum organizations were pushing these screenings a few years ago, Reb Chaim Kanievsky shlita always opposed them.

    When asked about these screenings, Reb Chaim replied that the bedikos bring on the machalos.

    Many people did not understand his psak and even argued with him.

    (Of course, he was probably going with a “tamim tehiye” mehalech. Keeping our bitachon in Hashem and not in humans.)

    I know we do not need an article to prove him right, but this is a sort of “I told you so” type of article.

    We must get out daas from the Torah and our Gedolim who interpret it, not from scientists who change their minds regularly.

  5. my mother died of breast cancer, because the doctors told her after she had a mastectomy and was fine for 10 years there was no need for further screenings. but at 15 years she was diagnosed with stage 4 metastasized breast cancer, in her liver, lung & bones. and the only reason the diagnosis finally came was because of her pain, which originally the dr. said was arthritis or bursitis and let go for 2 years with out any further cancer screening. I will take my mammogram every year no matter what the cause – Thank you!

  6. As a survivor, I am grateful to my doctors for screening as soon as I questioned a lump, even though I was “too young”. I have friends who were told to wait a few months and follow up later. By the time their cancers were diagnosed, they were at very advanced stages – often even with significant family history! B”H mine was caught and treated early. And, yes, I will continue to screen as frequently as is deemed necessary. I don’t ever want to fact this beast again.
    (For the record, I will do the screening that is necessary. My oncologist doesn’t feel that “more is better”, and the screening I do is related to the cancer, and not “all the scans all the time”…)

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